When the war ended, the companies that produced these foods wanted to keep business going but the public wasn’t interested in eating this canned and boxed stuff. So the companies began aggressive public relations campaigns to change consumers’ minds. No, they wanted to eat fresh, wholesome foods just as they always had.

One of the first campaigns that finally resonated was for boxed cake mixes that needed just one egg to be made. Bernays then requested he write to 5,000 of his medical colleagues asking them to agree that a heavy breakfast was the best way to start the day due to the loss of energy overnight. “Newspapers had headlines saying 4,500 physicians urge heavier breakfasts,” Bernays recalled years later. The doctor confirmed this. We’ll tell you about 10 of the most egregious ones. Yes, the same company that now specializes in baby food once also produced peanut butter, coffee, baked beans and chewing gum along with its hit, jarred bacon. Letting the homemaker contribute to the baking by cracking that one egg made a boxed mix seem less fake. The publications specifically mentioned bacon and eggs as taking care of the “problem.” The campaign was a success for Beech-Nut, and Americans soon developed a taste for bacon and eggs at breakfast [sources: American Table, Funding Universe]. No wonder he’s called the “father of public relations. Shortly after World War I concluded, the tobacco group was jonesing to snag a huge part of the market it was missing: women [source: Frevele]. Back then, it was considered improper for women to smoke in public. Eventually the public bought into purchasing and consuming all sorts of prepackaged foods, which hasn’t turned out to be the best thing for our diets [source: Bogacki]. Yes, they may have employed psychological methods to make us buy something we hadn’t previously wanted, but they weren’t using overt lies.

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Enter Bernays. With cameras rolling and photogs snapping, the women proudly lit up all at once. Women, of course, ended up the losers, when cancer, emphysema and a host of other smoking-related illnesses struck many of them, in the same way men were afflicted [source: Frevele]. Sure, the company could make a lot of cash just by selling the fruit. -confirmed what he said. The U.S.” (In addition to PR spin, United Fruit had close ties to the CIA.) America’s intervention was widely condemned by the international community. For decades after Guzman was toppled, people all over Latin America lost hope for governmental reform, and the region became a hotbed of revolution [sources: Kurtz-Phelan, Fischer]. Bernays brought journalists into the region, where they were fed false information, and even tapped “intelligence agents” to conduct “a private survey” which – surprise! But if it could also control, say, the railroads, shipping and governments themselves, it could really rake in the dough. So it set out to do just that, becoming the impetus for the term banana republic, used to describe small countries economically dependent upon one export commodity – like bananas – that are ruled by a weak government or dictator [source: Fischer]. For the fruit company, that simply would not do. By linking women’s lib with the ability to freely smoke in public, innumerable females jumped on board and took up the new habit.

7: Diamonds Are Expensive Because They’re Rare

Actually, they’re quite plentiful. Rubies are the gemstones that are truly rare. Turns out this tradition was spurred by nothing more than a savvy public relations campaign coupled with a big dose of corporate skullduggery [source: Kaplan]. Yet men have been slipping diamond rings on women’s fingers for more than a century, both sexes convinced that this expensive stone is the only real way to express true love.

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It all began in 1880s South Africa, when Cecil Rhodes, head of De Beers Consolidated Mines, realized if he purchased as many diamond mines as he could, then restricted the supply of stones they produced, he could jack up prices. The public eagerly bought into the campaign. Just as planned. So he and his successors did just that, at one point controlling some 90 percent of the world’s rough-diamond trade [source: Zoellner].W. Ayer & Son, which created the “A Diamond Is Forever” campaign in 1914, considered by Advertising Age to be the most recognized and effective slogan of the 20th century. (It’s still in use more than 100 years later) [sources: Kennedy and Kaplan]. The message? Diamonds are the one, true gift of love: No engagement is complete without one.

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6: American Red Cross Covers Up Poor Performance

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This venerable organization and its volunteers have been helping people suffering from wars, natural disasters and other tragedies since 1881 [source: American Red Cross]. Or have they? While the American Red Cross (ARC) undoubtedly has done much good over the years, it stumbled badly in the aftermath of Hurricane Isaac and Superstorm Sandy, both of which slammed portions of the U.S. in 2012. Shortly after both storms, the Red Cross was caught empty-handed, often without such basic supplies as food and batteries to dole out to victims [source: Sullivan].

They want to support their own workers.

There was one thing the Red Cross succeeded at, however – covering up its poor performance. And they’re worried about child labor and other unsavory practices that may go on overseas. It’s not surprising, then, that many companies, both foreign and domestic, will try to deceive Americans into thinking their products were made locally, when in reality they are not. The Red Cross also wasted a ton of food – about 30 percent of meals it prepared went uneaten because it didn’t have accurate information about where the hungry people were. And in one case, officials demanded a huge mobile kitchen (that had closed for lack of need) be restarted as demonstration just for donors [source: Elliott, Eisinger and Sullivan]. Not only that, more than 60 percent will pony up 10 percent more for the privilege of doing so [source: Consumer Reports]. Why? Americans think their goods are of a higher quality, for one. They want to support their own workers. During the Sandy cleanup, a full 40 percent of all available trucks were pulled off the streets simply to be visible in the background during news conferences. According to an investigation by ProPublica and NPR, in the aftermath of Isaac, an ARC official ordered 80 of its empty trucks to be driven around a Mississippi town just for show.

According to Federal Trade Commission (FTC) rules, all, or almost all, of a product with a “Made in the USA” label should be crafted with American materials. Additionally, its final assembly or processing must be done either in one of the 50 states, the District of Columbia, or in a U.S. So, many of us are trying to lessen our consumption of the sweet stuff. when it wasn’t. One example of many: the Stanley Works, an American toolmaker, was fined $205,000 by the FTC in 2006 after marketing its Zero Degree ratchets as “Made in the USA,” when in reality the ratchets were crafted with a substantial amount of foreign material [sources: Consumer Reports, Federal Trade Commission]. By 2000, they were up to 152 pounds (69 kilograms) [source: Clark]. Experts say the most harmful component in our diets today is likely – you guessed it – sugar. To help, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires that ingredients in food products be listed in order of quantity (by weight) from greatest to least. territory or possession. But some companies will slap a huge American flag on their product’s package, then hide a tiny disclaimer noting all parts were imported. This way, consumers can scan a label and see how much sugar, for one, is in a food product. Except it’s not quite that simple. Or, more blatantly, they’ll openly claim a product was made in the U.S.

Food manufacturers don’t always want us to know how much sugar is in their products. Another commonly used trick is to call the added sugar in a product “evaporated cane juice,” as Greek yogurt-maker Chobani has done. Some deceive consumers by sweetening a product with several sweeteners. chief weapons inspector found no WMD [source: CNN]. Authors Sheldon Rampton and John Stauber, who run PRWatch, say the U.S. So, if their product’s main ingredient is sugar, that would be the first item listed in the ingredients – potentially a turn-off for consumers. Doing so allows them to list each sweetener separately. was able to pull off that feat by using PR tactics to get the American public clamoring for such an invasion. But if they use, say, four types of sweeteners, that might cause other, healthier ingredients to be listed first, and all of the sugars at or near the end of the list, making the product seem like sugar was a minor part. This was despite the fact that the U.N. Many consumers think evaporated cane juice is a healthy juice, not just another name for sugar [source: Truth in Advertising].S. military action was that Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction (WMD).

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First, they say, the George W. Bush Administration, through misinformation and repetition, made Americans believe Iraq was behind the Sept. that discussed Iraq’s huge stockpiles of weapons of mass destruction. These were later found to be forgeries. When it was all packaged together, the case constituted a ‘grave and gathering danger’ that needed to be dealt with urgently.” Support for terrorism was given greater weight by playing up a dubious al Qaeda connection to Iraq. government knew they were fakes in advance [source: Pincus]… A nuclear threat was added to the biological and chemical threats to create a greater sense of gravity and urgency. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Documents were presented to the U.N. (Opinions differ as to whether the U.S.

When the U.S. We saw close-ups of both Americans and Iraqis helping pull down Hussein’s statue, set in Firdos Square; we weren’t shown the long-range photo of the square, which was nearly empty of people [source: Rampton and Stauber].

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2: Global Warming Is a Hoax

The notion of climate change, or global warming, has been around for years now. A full 97.2 percent of the papers assumed humans had at least some role in global warming. They also have a wealth of political connections. So why do we think the issue is still in such a flux? Sadly, their efforts have worked for many years [sources: Merchants of Doubt, Vaidyanathan]. Climate change skeptics also work to create the illusion that there’s much discord on the subject among climate scientists, which further confuses the public as to what’s considered accepted science on the subject and what’s fringe craziness. For decades, their supporters have run campaigns to mislead people about not only global warming, but about the ozone hole, acid rain and other well-established scientific knowledge. Even the scientific community is in turmoil, so how can we possibly figure out the truth? Actually, the scientific community isn’t in turmoil over global warming. They do so by persuading the media to cover their views whenever their opponents’ thoughts are cited. In 2013, a group of scientists looked over 4,014 abstracts on climate change and found an amazing rate of consensus. Some think it’s real, some say it’s not.

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1: Posting Fake Positive Online Reviews

Positive online reviews can really help a small business. And negative reviews can tear it down. With that in mind, it didn’t take long for company owners to realize they could post fake positive reviews for themselves, or poor reviews of their competitors to help the bottom line. So many did.

Asked the reviewer to fill in the rest.

Yelp, an online company with millions of reviews of local businesses, got fed up with the practice. Other businesses wrote parts of reviews. TripAdvisor put up similar scam notices [source: Streitfeld]. In some cases, the businesses had written a review of themselves they wanted the person simply to post. Asked the reviewer to fill in the rest. Company personnel were finding one fake review posted on its site for every five new real ones. So it set up a sting to catch businesses in the act.

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Unfortunately, the practice is not likely to stop any time soon. Consumers should be wary of extra-positive or negative reviews, particularly if they are generic, rather than giving specific examples. “Our History.” (Aug. 6, 2015) http://www.redcross.org/about-us/history Potential customers should read through multiple reviews of a business to see if people praise or gripe about common things [source: Johnston]. Makes you lose a little faith in humanity.

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Bogacki, Mike.” Collegiate Times. Dec. 8, 2009. (Aug. 8, 2015) http://www.collegiatetimes.com/opinion/columnists/public-relations-often-relies-on-deception-lies/article_d883fdcc-a681-51f6-a024-f1c7d92f1ef6.html

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Clark, Bruce. “The American Diet: A Sweet Way to Die.” Food Safety News. Feb. 26, 2010. (Aug. 6, 2015) http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2010/02/the-american-diet-a-sweet-way-to-die/#.VcPJCXFVhBd

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Colleary, Eric. “How ‘Bacon And Eggs’ Became The American Breakfast.” The American Table. July 19, 2012. (Aug. 3, 2015) http://www.americantable.org/2012/07/how-bacon-and-eggs-became-the-american-breakfast/

Consumer Reports. “Knowing Which Products are Truly Made in America.” February 2013. (Aug. 3, 2015) http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/magazine/2013/02/made-in-america/index.htm

Consumer Reports. “Made in America.” May 21, 2015. (Aug. 5, 2015) http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/magazine/2015/05/made-in-america/index.htm

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Elliott, Justin and Jesse Eisinger and Laura Sullivan. “The Red Cross’ Secret Disaster.” Pro Publica. Oct. 29, 2014. (Aug. 6, 2015) http://www.propublica.org/article/the-red-cross-secret-disaster

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Federal Trade Commission (FTC). “FTC Alleges Stanley Made False Made in the USA Claims About Its Tools.” June 9, 2006. (Aug. 5, 2015) https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2006/06/ftc-alleges-stanley-made-false-made-usa-claims-about-its-tools

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Fischer, Brendan. “A Banana Republic Once Again?” The Center for Media and Democracy’s PR Watch. Dec. 27, 2010. (Aug. 3, 2015) http://www.prwatch.org/news/2010/12/9834/banana-republic-once-again

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Frevele, Jamie. “That Time Cigarette Manufacturers Got Women to Smoke by Equating It With Freedom.” The Mary Sue. Feb. 27, 2012. (Aug. 3, 2015) http://www.themarysue.com/smoking-suffragettes/

Funding Universe. “Beech-Nut Nutrition Corporation History.” (Aug. 4, 2015) http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/beech-nut-nutrition-corporation-history/

Johnston, Susan. “Don’t Fall for Fake Online Reviews.” U.S. News & World Report. July 8, 2014. (Aug. 8, 2015) http://money.usnews.com/money/personal-finance/articles/2014/07/08/dont-fall-for-fake-online-reviews

Kaplan, Barry. “Forever Diamonds.” Gemnation. (Aug. 5, 2015) http://www.gemnation.com/base?processor=getPage&pageName=forever_diamonds_1

Kennedy, Dan. “A Great Ad Campaign Can Last Forever.” Entrepreneur. (Aug. 3, 2015) http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/200030

Kurtz-Phelan, Daniel. “Big Fruit.” The New York Times. March 2, 2008. (Aug. 5, 2015) http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/02/books/review/Kurtz-Phelan-t.html?_r=0

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McMullen, Troy. “Dannon to Pay $45M to Settle Yogurt Lawsuit.” ABC News. Feb. 26, 2010. (Aug. 3, 2015) http://abcnews.go.com/Business/dannon-settles-lawsuit/story?id=9950269

Merchants of Doubt. “Frequently Asked Questions.” (Aug. 6, 2015) http://merchantsofdoubt.org/faq.html

Rampton, Sheldon and John Stauber. “Weapons of Mass Deception.” The Center for Media and Democracy’s PR Watch. (Aug. 3, 2015) http://www.prwatch.org/books/wmd.html

Streitfeld, David. “Buy Reviews on Yelp, Get Black Mark.” The New York Times. Oct. 16, 2012. (Aug. 8, 2015) http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/18/technology/yelp-tries-to-halt-deceptive-reviews.html?_r=1

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Sullivan, Laura. “Red Cross ‘Diverted Assets’ During Storms’ Aftermath To Focus on Image.” NPR. Oct. 29, 2014. (Aug. 3, 2015) http://www.npr.org/2014/10/29/359365276/on-superstorm-sandy-anniversary-red-cross-under-scrutiny

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Truth in Advertising. “Seeking The Truth In Food Labels.” July 3, 2012. (Aug. 3, 2015) https://www.truthinadvertising.org/always-read-the-label-food-label-deception/

Vaidyanathan, Gayathri. “How to Determine the Scientific Consensus on Global Warming.” Scientific American. July 24, 2014. (Aug. 6, 2015) http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-to-determine-the-scientific-consensus-on-global-warming/

Zoellner, Tom. “Five myths about diamonds.” The Washington Post. July 4, 2010. (Aug. 5, 2015) http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/02/AR2010070203990.html