History of Diamond

The origins of diamonds

Accurately dating the origins of diamonds is not easy.

The diamond was also a symbol of truth, strength and courage.

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It was at this time that certain connotations associated with diamonds appeared: it is thought to distance discord between spouses and to distance ghosts and other wild animals.

Buddhist texts refer to this stone under the term of “vajra” revealing all the symbolism of the stone.

The rough

The diamond intended for jewelry is pure carbon. It is the most simple gemstone. It may sometimes contain traces of nitrogen or other foreign bodies, but these generally do not exceed 0.20%. A diamond has unique physical properties: unalterable over time, unassailable and of maximum hardness (10 on a scale of 10). It is this composition which makes its rarity and its value.

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A rough diamond can have different shapes. The main crystal forms are the octahedron (8 triangular faces, 12 edges and 6 vertices), the dodecahedron (12 pentagonal faces, 30 edges and 20 vertices) and the cube.

The most sought-after diamonds are those of strong color or colorless (pure white) because of their incomparable brilliance. A rough diamond can be of several colors: from white to champagne, passing through shades of yellow and dark orange or even purple, pink, green, red, blue. To assess the authenticity of a rough diamond, professionals refer to 4 criteria: its color, its purity, its size and its weight.

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The tallest diamond mine in the world

It can be reached by helicopter, by plane or for the bravest, by road. If diamond production is low enough, it turns out that the diamonds recovered have a very high market value.

Genesis

Temperature

In order for carbon to become diamond, the pressure and temperature conditions must be very high. However, analysis of certain inclusions has shown that sometimes the depths can reach 400 km, and in exceptional cases, almost 3000 km. This explains why diamond deposits are found on the surface of the oldest continents. The process also requires great underground depths, between 150 and 200 kilometers on average.

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History

From then on they begin to exert their fascination. European kings therefore obtain them for their rarity but also for this ultimate panacea.

From monopoly to globalization

It was the ambition of its founders to control the market, fix prices and avoid their fluctuations by keeping them at a high level. The mining process is very diverse, depending on the region in which the deposit is located. But the operations are broken down into three parts: the elimination of the earth and stone elements which cover the diamondiferous sand, extraction and washing. This situation was, unfortunately, the source of several conflicts. Gradually, it collects little more than half of the world’s rough diamonds and less than 30% of those it does not produce itself. On average, ten tonnes of ore extracts about one carat of diamond, which explains the cost of the diamond and the fact that, unlike gold, there is no independent diamond researcher. Dubai insists. Increases its place. There are only companies that invest in areas guaranteeing significant production.

The treatment of the rough diamond

Like many other gems, diamond intended to be subsequently cut by the hand of man can undergo some improvements in order to change the appearance of the stone. Is introduced within these divisions a material that has the effect of mitigating the visibility. To change the color of diamonds, irradiation, sometimes followed by controlled heating, is a common practice that gives the diamond a permanent color. To change the color of the stone. The rock becomes white or lighter. It is important to know that the “coating” that covers the diamond of a colored layer is a fraudulent process that must always be specified. It is particularly aimed at diamonds with cracks or splits on the surface of the stone. These treatments have two goals: to improve the purity.

Water

Kimberlite and lamproite, which are rocks of igneous origin, are called “lift rocks. They are then seen as the fruit of the stars or a good coming from sacred sources.

Discovery

There are therefore two types of deposits from which diamonds are extracted: primary deposits formed by kimberlitic or lamproitic rocks which carry diamonds and secondary deposits formed by the erosion of volcanic chimneys and the alteration of kimberlitic rock, making it more tender

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Blood diamonds

These diamonds have been nicknamed “blood diamonds”. Moreover, by comparing the diamond production map and the map of ethnic and political conflicts, concordances are striking. The signatory countries undertake to market only so-called diamonds ” own ”, ie not used to finance coups. These diamond mines are owned by governments against the exchange of weapons and finance and their struggles.

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The size of the diamond

If the factors of purity and color are important, the proportions of size are just as important. This is why diamond cutters are constantly trying to optimize the diamond’s gloss rendering. They must all be regular and of precisely defined sizes, on the surface of the diamond. At identical color, a good diamond proportions will be much brighter than a less well cut pure diamond. They directly condition the brilliance and “fire” of the diamond. Between the 15th and 17th centuries, the diamond was cut at the tip and at the table. Nowadays, apprentice diamond cutters are increasingly rare, cutting is most often carried out by computer-assisted lasers. Several operations are necessary to transform a rough diamond into a cut diamond. This constantly improved technique transforms the rough stones into real showcases of light. It reveals 58 facets – 57 for purists, if one does not take the collar into account – or 33 facets on the crown and 24 on the cylinder head. Cutting, then polishing, are therefore the two most determining acts in the degree of beauty of dispersion of a diamond. The long-awaited rainbow effect largely depends on the experience of the diamond cutter executing the cut. In the 17th century, the so-called “brilliant” size appeared, today by far the best known. There are many ways to cut the diamond.

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Diamonds of exception

Between the beginning of the 18th century and the end of the 20th, the annual world production of diamonds officially increased from nearly 50,000 carats, or around 10 kg to… Here is a description of some of these exceptional diamonds. Since 1870, more than 3,000 diamonds over 100 carats, including around fifty over 400 carats, have been extracted from the depths of the earth. more than 100 million carats, or almost 20 tonnes!

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The biggest: Cullinan

Weighing 3,106 carats, this larger diamond than a fist alone weighed 621 grams. The history of this transport is mythical: the stone is simply deposited in the post office, like a vulgar postcard. A question of importance for the time then appears: how to send it to its recipient?

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At the time, who would want to steal an anonymous package? The ultimate question then arises: what to do with it? The man is actually carrying a false stone intended to lure potential thieves. In total, the Cullinan, a colorless diamond of exceptional chemical purity, was split into 9 enormous main stones known as Cullinan I to IX and into 96 diamonds of smaller Legend has it that before operating, he decided to call a doctor and a nurse by his side, if necessary.

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The most sulfurous: Hope

Named after its first owner, Henry Philip Hope, the Hope is a diamond cut from Bleu de France, a blue Crown diamond, 44.52 carats and stolen in 1792. It comes from the Indies and has the reputation of to be cursed. The history of diamonds begins when it is brought back to France by a traveler, Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, who sells it to Louis XIV. Hope is the only diamond to emit a blood red luminescence after exposure to ultraviolet light. According to urban legend, it would cause the violent death of all its owners. This legend, like many legends, is constructed from snippets of truths.

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Louis XIV, who actually survived more than forty-five years after his purchase, is said to have died the first time after wearing it. Ditto for Louis XVI, Marie-Antoinette and the Princess of Lamballe, whose heads will be walked at the end of a spade! Madame du Barry, Louis XV’s favorite, would also have carried him, which would have led him to the scaffold.

Hope’s wife would have died ruined. Sultan Abdülhamid I, who actually died in 1918, nine years after being overthrown, is said to have perished at the fault of Hope in a revolution. And the list of unfounded rumors does not end there: the billionaire McLean would have perished in the sinking of the Titanic, his son would have been crushed in New York and his daughter would have committed suicide. He was then allegedly stabbed. Then the Hope disappears, not without having previously murdered the granddaughter McLean, herself an actress! A Russian prince, who never really existed, would have shot his mistress the evening of the day he offered her the cursed diamond.

The most beautiful: the Regent, a 140.5-carat cushion that originally was a stone over 400 carats. Pitt sent his son to London in 1702 to have the diamond cut by jeweler Harris, who spent two years doing this work. Driven by Saint-Simon, Philippe of Orleans, then regent of France, acquired it in 1717 for 135,000 pounds sterling. This diamond was discovered in 1698 and its purchase for 19,200 pounds was negotiated in 1701 by Pitt, Governor of Madras, from an Indian merchant who had it more or less legally. He then proposed it to the different sovereigns of Europe, who all refused it, frightened by its price. Any diamond over 10 carats belonged by right at that time to the sovereign.

Which, with the interest paid until the end of the settlement, would represent today close to 4.57 million euros! The Regent was robbed in September 1792, then found, then pawned in August 1797 from a Dutch banker, to equip the French cavalry.

Released on June 22, 1801 by the Consulate, the Regent was considered a talisman by Napoleon, who had it crimped on the hilt of his parade sword, then on that of the coronation sword of 1804. He finally took his place on the pommel of the imperial sword of 1812. Carried away by Marie-Louise on the run on March 29, 1814, it was returned to Louis XVIII on April 11, 1814. It was then set on the crown of the coronation of Charles X, then became a removable stone on a headband of the Empress Eugenie. The Regent is today kept at the Louvre Museum.

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The most engraved: the Shah

The Shah is an 88 carat square prism, one of the most engraved diamonds in the world. Three of its faces bear the name of its successive owners: BourkhanNizam Chah II, the son of Djahanguir, Chahdjahan and Qadjar Fath Ali Chah. In 1828 the Russian ambassador to Persia was murdered during a riot.

As reparation, the Shah was offered to Tsar Nicholas I. Today it is kept at the Russian Diamond Fund in the Kremlin.

The only voluntarily destroyed: the Pigot

The Pigot, also known as the “broken diamond”, which is now extinct and sometimes identified as the “Spoonmaker”, was an 187.45-carat oval-cut diamond. Ali, nicknamed the lion of Janina, was in fact trying to escape the rule of the Sultan of Constantinople. On his death in 1777, the Pigot was sold, then, after a few wanderings, it would have been acquired in 1818 for 30,000 pounds sterling by Ali Pasha de Janina. It was in 1763 that it was offered by an Indian prince to George Pigot, English governor of Madras.

The diamond feeds the myths of the small and the great history throughout the generations.

In 1822 and after two years of siege, Ali, mortally wounded, ordered his aide-de-camp to destroy his two most precious treasures: his wife and his diamond! Legend has it that the aide-de-camp and the wife of Ali Pasha then had no financial problems! The diamond feeds the myths of the small and the great history throughout the generations. He lived enough to see his diamond smash in front of him, but died before his wife be killed, which saved her. Was the diamond really destroyed? The legends attached to these exceptional diamonds are an integral part of the transmission of our cultures.

DIAMOND TRADE

Most of the diamond trading remains in the hands of historic and traditional places like Tel Aviv and Antwerp. We are leaders in diamond cutting and polishing, why should we not be in transactions? Anoop Mehta, president of the Bharat Diamond Bourse, bluntly announced in an interview with the newspaper “Les Echos” his goal: “To become the world number one. But over the past fifty years, India has become the world number one in diamond cutting and polishing: it concerns around 60% of the world’s diamonds by value and 95% by number of pieces. “.

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India’s diamond trading business has therefore moved to a new site: a huge building located north of the country’s financial capital, in a new area where business buildings are growing, surrounded by vacant lots. Inaugurated in October 2010, a complex of over 180,000 m2 comprising offices, banks, safe rooms, customs and other services completes the complex. 20,000 to 25,000 professionals are expected every day at the Bharat Diamond Bourse.

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How is the diamond solitaire ring became the symbol of engagement?

It is becoming increasingly rare to see an engagement ceremony without diamonds on the ring. At that time, the ring did not contain any precious stone, but most often represented the motif of two hands clasping each other. “For the Germans, a marriage had to be consummated to be concluded. The ring announced the dowry contract and therefore the promise of marriage and exchange of goods. “It was already a kind of informal engagement,” said John V. Drendel, professor of Canadian history. The ring then meant that the deal was concluded between the two families. In other words, the woman had to give her body to be officially married, “says John Drendel: no need for a ring. But how did we get there? The tradition of the ring is not new! Already in Roman times, the man put an iron or copper ring on the ring finger of the one he wanted to take for a woman. Later, in the early Middle Ages, the tradition of the German Empire rivaled that of the Romans.

In the 13th century, the Catholic Church imposed itself and formalized the marriage ceremony by returning to Roman law. The donation of the body is not recognized by the Church to formalize marriage. Rather, the ceremony consists of consent by exchange of words and rings at the church.

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Although it is informal, this Roman engagement tradition is therefore at the origin of the practice and traditions that we know today. The appearance of the diamond surmounting the engagement ring is recent: it appeared around the middle of the 20th century.

Previously, only the wealthiest families had begun to adorn the ring with precious stones (sapphire, ruby, emerald or diamond) to which virtues or magical powers were attributed. Archduke Maximilian of Habsburg was the first noble to offer a diamond ring to his future wife, Marie de Bourgogne, in 1477. Since then, the tradition has spread widely. The sapphire, blue, symbolized him, purity, confidence, fidelity, wisdom and truth. Finally, the indestructible diamond symbolized strength and the lasting bonds of marriage. In the 19th century, following the discovery of numerous diamond mines in South Africa, the diamond finally gained popularity. The ruby, red, symbolized the heart, devotion and passion, it protected against betrayal. The emerald, green, was a sign of knowledge, justice, renewal, hope and decency.

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But it was in 1947 that the turning point was accomplished: the company De Beers, world leader in the diamond market, then launched an advertising campaign which for the first time combined diamonds with eternal love with the slogan “A diamond is forever “. It is following this campaign that today, it is natural and essential to offer a diamond ring engagement.

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